3Rs

Thomas Hartung, Thomas Luechtefeld, Alexandra Maertens. Chapter 9 - The role of artificial intelligence in overcoming animal testing. In: Catharine E. Krebs, Gail A. Van Norman, eds. Moving Toward Nonanimal Approaches in Medical Research and Testing. Academic Press; 2027:143-157. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000072.

Maria Christou, Anastasia Georgantzopoulou, Maria Hultman, et al. The rise of new approach methodologies (NAMs) for environmental safety assessment of chemicals: A systematic review of the current status, challenges and strategies for broader adoption of NAMs. NAM Journal. 2026;2:100115. doi:10.1016/j.namjnl.2026.100115

Julia Matyjasiak, Alexandra-Costina Avîrvarei, Marie Corradi, et al. Mapping 3Rs and NAM research and innovation projects funded through European framework programmes since 2007. Archives of Toxicology. 2026. doi:10.1007/s00204-026-04383-2

Laura Lotfi, T. William O’Neill, Angela Wilcox, Steven Bulera. Virtual control groups in nonclinical research: A Re-analysis of 20 studies using virtual control group data. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2026;168:106077. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106077

Donna S. Macmillan, Phi Holcomb, Kristie M. Sullivan. Lost in NAMs-lation: A review of animal-free science definitions. ALTEX - Alternatives to Animal Experimentation. 2026. doi:10.14573/altex.2512221

Monica Piergiovanni, Milena Mennecozzi, Erio Barale-Thomas, et al. Bridging imaging-based in vitro methods from biomedical research to regulatory toxicology. Archives of Toxicology. 2025. doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03922-z

Jacintha Shenton, Imein Bousnina, Michael Oropallo, et al. Opportunities and insights from pharmaceutical companies on the current use of new approach methodologies in nonclinical safety assessment. Drug Discovery Today. 2025;30(4):104328. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104328

Katharina Stefanie Nitsche, Iris Müller, Sophie Malcomber, Paul Lawford Carmichael, Hans Bouwmeester. Alternatives to animal-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels? An explorative study with HepaRG cells in animal-free hydrogels under static and dynamic culture conditions. Frontiers in Toxicology. 2025;7. doi:10.3389/ftox.2025.1649393

Susan J. Debad, Jason Aungst, Kelly Carstens, et al. State of the science on assessing developmental neurotoxicity using new approach methods. ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 2025;42(1):121-144. doi:10.14573/altex.2410231

Michael Balls, Rolf Bass, Rodger Curren, et al. 60 Years of the 3Rs symposium: Lessons learned and the road ahead. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation. 2024;41(2):179-201. doi:10.14573/altex.2403061