Ethics, policy, and legislation

US Food and Drug Administration. Guidance Document:Exploratory IND Studies. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/exploratory-ind-studies.

Eric P. Sandgren, Robert Streiffer, Jennifer Dykema, Nadia Assad, Jackson Moberg. Attitudes toward animals, and how species and purpose affect animal research justifiability, among undergraduate students and faculty. PLOS ONE. 15(5):e0233204. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233204

NIH Advisory Committee to the Director. ACD Working Group on Enhancing Rigor, Transparency, and Translatability in Animal Research. https://www.acd.od.nih.gov/working-groups/eprar.html.

FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Innovative Science and Technology Approaches for New Drugs (ISTAND) Pilot Program. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-development-tool-ddt-qualification-programs/innovative-science-and-technology-approaches-new-drugs-istand-pilot-program.

Canadian Council on Animal Care. Ethics of Animal Investigation. Ottowa: Canadian Council on Animal Care; :2. https://ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Policies/Ethics_of_animal_investigation.pdf.

Aoife Milford, Eva De Clercq, Edwin Louis-Maerten, Lester D. Geneviève, Bernice S. Elger. How animal ethics committees make decisions – a scoping review of empirical studies. PLOS ONE. 20(3):e0318570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318570

U.S. Government Accountability Office. Animal Use in Research: Federal Agencies Should Assess and Report on Their Efforts to Develop and Promote Alternatives. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-19-629.

Morning Consult, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine. U.S. Gen Pop Beliefs on Animal Testing. https://pcrm.widen.net/s/qzfxtfh7bw/animal-testing-survey.

Juliet P. Dukes, Amy Beale, Celean Camp. Reviewing Current Guidance for the ‘R’ of Replacement and Rethinking it with the ‘Replacement Checklist’. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. doi:10.1177/02611929251319265

Jay Bhattacharya, Mikko Packalen. Encouraging Edge Science through NIH Funding Practices. Stanford: Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research; :4. https://siepr.stanford.edu/publications/policy-brief/encouraging-edge-science-through-nih-funding-practices.