3Rs

Monica Piergiovanni, Milena Mennecozzi, Erio Barale-Thomas, et al. Bridging imaging-based in vitro methods from biomedical research to regulatory toxicology. Archives of Toxicology. 2025. doi:10.1007/s00204-024-03922-z

Katharina Stefanie Nitsche, Iris Müller, Sophie Malcomber, Paul Lawford Carmichael, Hans Bouwmeester. Alternatives to animal-derived extracellular matrix hydrogels? An explorative study with HepaRG cells in animal-free hydrogels under static and dynamic culture conditions. Frontiers in Toxicology. 2025;7. doi:10.3389/ftox.2025.1649393

Susan J. Debad, Jason Aungst, Kelly Carstens, et al. State of the science on assessing developmental neurotoxicity using new approach methods. ALTEX - Alternatives to animal experimentation. 2025;42(1):121-144. doi:10.14573/altex.2410231

Jacintha Shenton, Imein Bousnina, Michael Oropallo, et al. Opportunities and insights from pharmaceutical companies on the current use of new approach methodologies in nonclinical safety assessment. Drug Discovery Today. 2025;30(4):104328. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104328

Michael Balls, Rolf Bass, Rodger Curren, et al. 60 Years of the 3Rs symposium: Lessons learned and the road ahead. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation. 2024;41(2):179-201. doi:10.14573/altex.2403061

Koen Kramer. When Is Something an Alternative? A General Account Applied to Animal-Free Alternatives to Animal Research. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics. 2023;33(1):89-101. doi:10.1017/S0963180123000300

Herwig Grimm, Nikola Biller-Andorno, Thorsten Buch, et al. Advancing the 3Rs: innovation, implementation, ethics and society. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023;10. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1185706

Doortje Swaters, Anne van Veen, Wim van Meurs, Janette Ellen Turner, Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga. A History of Regulatory Animal Testing: What Can We Learn? Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. 2022;50(5):322-329. doi:10.1177/02611929221118001

Steffi Bressers, Hester van den Elzen, Cathrin Gräwe, Daphne van den Oetelaar, Pieter H. A. Postma, Sybren K. Schoustra. Policy driven changes in animal research practices: mapping researchers’ attitudes towards animal-free innovations using the Netherlands as an example. Research Integrity and Peer Review. 2019;4:8. doi:10.1186/s41073-019-0067-5

Kathrin Herrmann, Francesca Pistollato, Martin L. Stephens. Beyond the 3Rs: Expanding the use of human-relevant replacement methods in biomedical research. Alternatives to Animal Experimentation. 2019;36(3):343-352. doi:10.14573/altex.1907031