Ethics, policy, and legislation

Aoife Milford, Eva De Clercq, Edwin Louis-Maerten, Lester D. Geneviève, Bernice S. Elger. How animal ethics committees make decisions – a scoping review of empirical studies. PLOS ONE. 20(3):e0318570. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0318570

Juliet P. Dukes, Amy Beale, Celean Camp. Reviewing Current Guidance for the ‘R’ of Replacement and Rethinking it with the ‘Replacement Checklist’. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals. doi:10.1177/02611929251319265

Stephen Dinan. EPA chief Lee Zeldin eyes ban on animal testing - Washington Times. The Washington Times. https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2025/apr/10/epa-chief-lee-zeldin-eyes-ban-animal-testing/.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Roadmap to Reducing Animal Testing in Preclinical Safety Studies. https://www.fda.gov/media/186092/download?attachment.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Announces Plan to Phase Out Animal Testing Requirement for Monoclonal Antibodies and Other Drugs. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-announces-plan-phase-out-animal-testing-requirement-monoclonal-antibodies-and-other-drugs.

National Institutes of Health Office of Research Infrastructure Programs. Nonhuman Primate Evaluation and Analysis: Final Report. https://orip.nih.gov/sites/default/files/NHP-Evaluation-and-Analysis-Final-Report-Revised-508.pdf.

Sandy River Research. Unveiling the Dark Side of the Monkey (Macaque) Trade. https://sandyriverresearch.com/unveiling-the-dark-side-of-the-monkey-macaque-trade/.

U. S. Government Accountability Office. Human Organ-On-A-Chip: Technologies Offer Benefits Over Animal Testing But Challenges Limit Wider Adoption. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-25-107335.pdf.

Department for Science, Innovation and Technology, Government of the United Kingdom. Replacing Animals in Science: A Strategy to Support the Development, Validation and Uptake of Alternative Methods. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/replacing-animals-in-science-strategy/replacing-animals-in-science-a-strategy-to-support-the-development-validation-and-uptake-of-alternative-methods.

U.S. Congress. Animal Welfare Act. https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title7/chapter54&edition=prelim.