TY - JOUR KW - Computational biology and bioinformatics KW - Engineering AU - Rashmi Pandey AU - Jennifer Lee AU - Anahita Mojiri AU - John P. Cooke AU - Abhishek Jain AB - Microphysiological models recapitulating complex vasculature have enabled in vitro evaluation of intricate cellular crosstalk and microenvironmental mechanical cues and stressors. Here, we present a comprehensive review of time and architecture as two under-explored facets required for physiological mimetic vascular models. We conclude with our perspective that incorporating longevity and architecture will improve complex vascular modeling and provide a platform to support chronic disease modeling, personalized medicine, drug testing, and tissue engineering. BT - npj Biomedical Innovations DA - 2026-03-25 DO - 10.1038/s44385-026-00077-7 IS - 1 LA - en N2 - Microphysiological models recapitulating complex vasculature have enabled in vitro evaluation of intricate cellular crosstalk and microenvironmental mechanical cues and stressors. Here, we present a comprehensive review of time and architecture as two under-explored facets required for physiological mimetic vascular models. We conclude with our perspective that incorporating longevity and architecture will improve complex vascular modeling and provide a platform to support chronic disease modeling, personalized medicine, drug testing, and tissue engineering. PY - 2026 EP - 22 ST - Time and architecture T2 - npj Biomedical Innovations TI - Time and architecture: the next two dimensions of microphysiological systems UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s44385-026-00077-7 VL - 3 Y2 - 2026-03-25 SN - 3005-1444 ER -