TY - JOUR
AU - Irene Faravelli
AU - Noelia Antón-Bolaños
AU - Juliana R. Brown
AU - Paola Arlotta
AB - Understanding the drivers of human brain specialization, and how specialized properties are codified during development and evolution, seems to be within reach for the first time. Improved cell-based experimental models of the human brain have empowered the field to address some of the most fundamental questions about our brains, including mechanisms of neurodevelopment, the etiology of neurological disease, and the underpinnings of human-to-human variation in brain function and response. The emergence of scalable in vitro systems has enabled investigation of interindividual variation within large human cohorts in both normal development and disease processes, which is fundamental to developing effective and personalized treatments. This review explores recent advancements in organoid technology, highlighting future directions that employ interdisciplinary approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of these models. This work promises to bring us ever closer to understanding not only what makes a brain human but also how each of our brains is human in unique ways.
BT - Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
DA - 2025/08/25
DO - 10.1146/annurev-genom-111522-014009
IS - Volume 26, 2025
LA - en
N2 - Understanding the drivers of human brain specialization, and how specialized properties are codified during development and evolution, seems to be within reach for the first time. Improved cell-based experimental models of the human brain have empowered the field to address some of the most fundamental questions about our brains, including mechanisms of neurodevelopment, the etiology of neurological disease, and the underpinnings of human-to-human variation in brain function and response. The emergence of scalable in vitro systems has enabled investigation of interindividual variation within large human cohorts in both normal development and disease processes, which is fundamental to developing effective and personalized treatments. This review explores recent advancements in organoid technology, highlighting future directions that employ interdisciplinary approaches to enhance the physiological relevance of these models. This work promises to bring us ever closer to understanding not only what makes a brain human but also how each of our brains is human in unique ways.
PY - 2025
SP - 299
EP - 320
ST - Brain Organoids
T2 - Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
TI - Brain Organoids: Tools for Understanding the Uniqueness and Individual Variability of the Human Brain
UR - https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-genom-111522-014009
VL - 26
Y2 - 2025-10-27
SN - 1527-8204, 1545-293X
ER -