TY - JOUR
KW - New Approach Methodologies (NAMs)
KW - allergic contact dermatitis
KW - botanicals
KW - extracts
KW - In chemico
KW - in silico
KW - in vitro
KW - medical devices
KW - mixtures
KW - pollutants
KW - Skin sensitization
KW - wearables
AU - Argel Islas-Robles
AU - Meera Ramani
AU - Jakeb Phillips
AU - Gertrude-Emilia Costin
AB - Skin sensitization is a complex biological process induced by a wide range of chemicals, from single molecules to complex mixtures and finished products. While single chemical entities were used to design and validate sophisticated safety assessment assays, complex chemistries have proven challenging to test in practice using these methods. These assays range from in silico and in chemico methods to cell-based and reconstructed tissues-based approaches and target the key events now grouped within the Adverse Outcome Pathway. We focused our analysis on the use of New Approach Methodologies for skin sensitization assessments of complex mixtures, botanicals, medical and wearable devices, agrochemicals, and pollutants. We present the defined approaches that integrate these technologies, aligning with the principles of the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing. We also detail the known challenges posed by these product classes in terms of testing and data interpretation. Our analysis indicates that validated and non-validated NAMs have shown some success in predicting skin sensitization potential across the product categories reviewed.
BT - Toxics
DA - 2025/8
DO - 10.3390/toxics13080693
IS - 8
LA - en
N2 - Skin sensitization is a complex biological process induced by a wide range of chemicals, from single molecules to complex mixtures and finished products. While single chemical entities were used to design and validate sophisticated safety assessment assays, complex chemistries have proven challenging to test in practice using these methods. These assays range from in silico and in chemico methods to cell-based and reconstructed tissues-based approaches and target the key events now grouped within the Adverse Outcome Pathway. We focused our analysis on the use of New Approach Methodologies for skin sensitization assessments of complex mixtures, botanicals, medical and wearable devices, agrochemicals, and pollutants. We present the defined approaches that integrate these technologies, aligning with the principles of the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal testing. We also detail the known challenges posed by these product classes in terms of testing and data interpretation. Our analysis indicates that validated and non-validated NAMs have shown some success in predicting skin sensitization potential across the product categories reviewed.
PY - 2025
EP - 693
ST - New Horizons in Skin Sensitization Assessment of Complex Mixtures
T2 - Toxics
TI - New Horizons in Skin Sensitization Assessment of Complex Mixtures: The Use of New Approach Methodologies Beyond Regulatory Approaches
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/13/8/693
VL - 13
Y2 - 2025-08-29
SN - 2305-6304
ER -