02195nas a2200241   4500000000100000008004100001260003100042653000800073653002800081653002100109653002500130653002300155100001900178700002300197700002300220700002300243700002300266245008100289856007500370300001200445520147400457020002201931       2027                            d  c2027-01-01bAcademic Press10a3Rs10aArtificial intelligence10aMachine Learning10anew approach methods10aregulatory science1 aThomas Hartung1 aThomas Luechtefeld1 aAlexandra Maertens1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aGail A. Van Norman00aChapter 9 - The role of artificial intelligence in overcoming animal testing  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000072  a143-1573 aThe rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming science. We explore the role of AI in advancing nonanimal approaches for chemical safety assessment and drug discovery. We discuss the limitations of animal models and then examine how AI can serve as a key enabler for nonanimal methods, leveraging the growing availability of big data, natural language processing for literature mining, machine learning for predictive modeling, and explainable AI for model interpretation. The synergies between AI and other innovative technologies, such as microphysiological systems, adverse outcome pathways, and integrated testing strategies, are highlighted for creating human-relevant, predictive toxicology. We also address the challenges and future directions of AI, including data quality and bias issues, validation and regulatory acceptance, the need for responsible and human-centered AI, and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration. We conclude with a forward-looking perspective on the transformative potential of AI in toxicology and pharmacology, envisioning AI as a toxicology copilot, the development of tox chatbots, and the acceleration of drug discovery. Ultimately, we call for embracing these new technologies while upholding scientific rigor and ethical principles, and for a future integration of AI with nonanimal approaches that revolutionize chemical safety assessment and drug discovery and reduce reliance on animal testing.  a978-0-443-26514-3