01826nas a2200241   4500000000100000008004100001260003100042653002100073653002100094653003100115653001800146653001400164100001900178700002600197700001900223700002300242700002300265245004300288856007500331300001100406520114500417020002201562       2027                            d  c2027-01-01bAcademic Press10adisease modeling10aDrug development10amicrophysiological systems10aorgan-on-chip10aorganoids1 aKonrad Schmidt1 aAlessandro Bentivogli1 aSarah Hedtrich1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aGail A. Van Norman00aChapter 6 - Microphysiological systems  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000023  a89-1033 aMicrophysiological systems (MPS) are complex human-based in vitro models that aim to closely replicate human (patho)physiology. This chapter explores the current state-of-the-art and limitations of organoids and organ-on-chip (OoC) systems as preeminent MPS technologies. Organoids, self-assembled 3D cellular structures, closely mimic tissue-specific architecture and functions, advancing biomedical research in disease modeling, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. Complementing organoids, OoC systems integrate microfluidics and mechanical cues to recreate dynamic biological environments, addressing organ-specific and inter-organ interactions. Key aspects of OoC systems, including design principles, cell sources, and in situ monitoring, are highlighted for their potential to model complex diseases and pharmacokinetics. Despite their promise, MPS technologies face challenges such as limited complexity, scalability, and standardization, which hinder broader application. Nevertheless, by overcoming these constraints, MPS have the potential to improve biomedical research and reduce the usage of animal models in the future.  a978-0-443-26514-3