01874nas a2200217   4500000000100000008004100001260003100042653000800073653003100081653002200112100002300134700002000157700002900177700002300206700002300229245010600252856007500358300001200433520118900445020002201634       2027                            d  c2027-01-01bAcademic Press10aFDA10amicrophysiological systems10anonanimal methods1 aSandra P. Smieszek1 aChristina Tyner1 aMihael H. Polymeropoulos1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aGail A. Van Norman00aChapter 14 - Perspectives from pharmaceutical industry regarding nonanimal-based research and testing  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000096  a233-2413 aVanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. is a leading global biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of innovative therapies to address high unmet medical needs and improve the lives of patients. Vanda’s vision is to avoid in vivo animal studies and replace them with the use of alternatives to support scientific discovery, protecting and enhancing the welfare of animals used in scientific research while advancing research and development through the use of optimal human-specific models. The commercial perspective has shifted toward nonanimal methods, driven by scientific rigor, efficiency, ethical implications, and cost-effectiveness. Similarly, the academic perspective has focused on the scientific innovation and mechanistic understanding of the use of alternative methods. We are also witnessing a societal shift toward more humane research practices that minimize animal suffering. However, broader industry adoption relies on these methods meeting regulatory approval. One potential route would be to reject the approach of global harmonization of animal methods, which relies on unsupported concepts often elevated to impose false gold standards.  a978-0-443-26514-3