02173nas a2200349   4500000000100000008004100001260003100042653001100073653001900084653001000103653001000113653003100123653002300154653002000177100003300197700003300230700002000263700002500283700002100308700001800329700002500347700004900372700002700421700002800448700002300476700002300499245008300522856007500605300001200680520110900692020002201801       2027                            d  c2027-01-01bAcademic Press10aBrazil10aEuropean Union10aIndia10aJapan10anew approach methodologies10aRegulatory testing10aresearch policy1 aMohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha1 aLauren Dalat de Sousa Coelho1 aAbhay Deshpande1 aYogendra Kumar Gupta1 aYoko Hirabayashi1 aHajime Kojima1 aFrancesca Pistollato1 aMarcella Miranda Siqueira Furtuoso Rodrigues1 aJordana Andrade Santos1 aMarize Campos Valadares1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aGail A. Van Norman00aChapter 13 - Overcoming inertia against nonanimal approaches around the world  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000060  a211-2313 aOver the past few decades, significant progress has been made in replacing animal testing with scientifically robust alternatives, particularly for routine toxicity assessments. Reliable nonanimal approaches now exist for endpoints such as skin and eye irritation, phototoxicity, and genotoxicity, with growing potential for broader applications. Despite these advances, challenges remain—especially in replicating complex biological processes and overcoming cultural and institutional resistance to change. The transition to nonanimal approaches requires not only scientific innovation but also societal and regulatory shifts. This chapter explores global efforts to advance innovative nonanimal methods in research and safety testing, focusing on developments across India, Brazil, the European Union, and Japan. The chapter reviews key policy and legislative initiatives, funding strategies, and educational efforts that support the integration of nonanimal methods, highlighting how these regions are working to overcome barriers and accelerate the move toward more ethical, human-relevant science.  a978-0-443-26514-3