01906nas a2200337   4500000000100000008004100001260003100042653002400073653002400097653002100121653003300142653002600175653003400201653002200235653002300257653002000280653002000300100002300320700001900343700002000362700002900382700001800411700002000429700002300449700002300472245009600495856007500591300001200666520086800678020002201546       2027                            d  c2027-01-01bAcademic Press10aalternative methods10aBiomedical Research10aDrug development10aFood and Drug Administration10aInstitutional inertia10aNational institutes of health10anonanimal methods10aRegulatory testing10aresearch policy10aTranslatability1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aEmily Anderson1 aJanine McCarthy1 aEryn Slankster-Schmierer1 aJarrod Bailey1 aElizabeth Baker1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aGail A. Van Norman00aChapter 12 - Overcoming inertia against nonanimal research and testing in the United States  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000138  a191-2093 aThe emerging developments in the United States signal a growing shift toward human-focused, nonanimal research and testing. This is true in Congress, in academic research centers, at agencies like the National Institutes of Health, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration, as well as in the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and chemical industries. However, systemic barriers remain, characterized by institutional inertia that inhibits change and upholds the status quo of animal use. In this chapter, we characterize this inertia as it relates to the science, policy, and training contexts. We describe various stakeholders and where and how they can apply pressure toward change, providing a comprehensive set of recommendations that will improve translatability and foster a more effective health research enterprise.  a978-0-443-26514-3