01742nas a2200241   4500000000100000008004100001260003100042653002000073653002100093653001100114653001600125653000900141653001600150100001800166700001800184700002300202700002300225245006400248856007500312300001000387520108100397020002201478       2027                            d  c2027-01-01bAcademic Press10aanimal research10aclinical benefit10aethics10aHuman harms10aNAMs10aTranslation1 aJarrod Bailey1 aMichael Balls1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aGail A. Van Norman00aChapter 5 - Case studies on the failures of animal research  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000114  a73-853 aAnimals have borne the brunt of preclinical research, serving as “surrogate humans” for basic studies into how biological networks function in healthy and diseased individuals, the characterization of pathologies, the search for new drug-treatable targets, and the development of new human pharmaceuticals. This focus on animals harms not only the animals used but also humans, due to toxic effects not detected in animal tests, the abandonment of drugs incorrectly labeled as unsafe or ineffective following animal tests, and wasted research funds on poorly translatable animal experiments. This chapter describes case studies on the failures of animal research for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, cancer, and drug development. Troubling disease burdens are discussed, along with translational failures that leave patients waiting for breakthroughs, and how human-specific methods can overcome the limitations of animal use. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the animal use approval process and how it contributes to both animal and human harms.  a978-0-443-26514-3