01476nas a2200217   4500000000100000008004100001260003100042653001800073653002200091653002200113653001100135653001100146100001800157700002300175700002300198245008000221856007500301300001000376520085000386020002201236       2027                            d  c2027-01-01bAcademic Press10aanimal models10aExternal validity10aInternal validity10asepsis10aStroke1 aPound Pandora1 aCatharine E. Krebs1 aGail A. Van Norman00aChapter 3 - The validity and translatability of preclinical animal research  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000163  a39-513 aThere is ample evidence that most preclinical animal research is conducted poorly and does not translate to humans. Significant efforts are underway, therefore, to improve the quality and conduct of animal studies. This chapter considers the various factors with the potential to influence the success of preclinical animal experiments, analyzing them as affecting either internal or external validity. It argues that while certain aspects of internal and external validity can be addressed in preclinical research, a key aspect of external validity cannot—and that is the differences between species. Since all aspects of validity need to be robust for an animal experiment to translate to humans, there is little point in improving other aspects of validity if species differences present an insurmountable challenge to clinical translation.  a978-0-443-26514-3