01178nas a2200241   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653002200055653001200077653002300089653002800112653002300140100001600163700001800179700001800197245003300215856005500248300001200303490000600315520060100321022001400922       2026                            d  c2026-0410aElectrophysiology10aImaging10aSensors and probes10aStem-cell biotechnology10aTissue engineering1 aYoonhee Jin1 aSeongjun Park1 aSeung-Woo Cho00aOrganoid analytical toolkits  uhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-025-00384-5  a336-3520 v43 a3D cell culture systems such as organoids reflect the complexity of native organs more closely than traditional 2D culture systems. However, efforts to translate organoid research into clinical and industrial applications demand the development of compatible analytical platforms to accurately characterize their multifaceted physiological traits. This Review explores three vital aspects of physiological characterization — electrophysiological, biophysical and optical properties — including the role of omics and computational technologies in understanding organoid function and behaviour.  a2731-6092