01409nas a2200253   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653002700055653002700082653002700109653002300136100001600159700001900175700001900194700001300213700001200226245005200238856005500290300001200345490000600357520077800363022001401141       2025                            d  c2025-0210aBiomaterials – cells10aBiomedical Engineering10aMechanical engineering10aTissue engineering1 aChao-Fan He1 aTian-Hong Qiao1 aGuang-Hao Wang1 aYuan Sun1 aYong He00aHigh-resolution projection-based 3D bioprinting  uhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44222-024-00218-w  a143-1580 v33 aProjection-based 3D printing is a vat polymerization printing method that works by generating bitmaps as dynamic masks to project onto a photosensitive material surface for layer-by-layer curing. Projection-based 3D printing has the highest resolution/time for manufacturing ratio among all 3D printing technologies; however, projection-based 3D bioprinting, which uses bioinks as printing materials that contain cells and/or biomolecules, suffers from low printing resolution, with a substantial gap between the theoretical and the actual resolution. In this Review, we summarize the steps and challenges to achieve high-resolution projection-based 3D bioprinting and provide pragmatic optimization strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.  a2731-6092