02900nas a2200445   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653002700058653002700085653002100112653001000133653002900143653001700172653002000189653001500209100002700224700002800251700001900279700001900298700002400317700003800341700001700379700002400396700001700420700002200437700002900459700002000488700001700508700002100525700001800546700001900564700001700583700002300600245011100623856011500734490000700849520158400856022001402440       2026                            d  c2026-05-2010aGram negative bacteria10aGram positive bacteria10acell-free system10afungi10ahuman in vivo production10ainsect cells10amammalian cells10amicroalgae1 aEsther Veronika Wenzel1 aLaila Al-Halabi-Frenzel1 aSeyhan Demiral1 aAndré Frenzel1 aDianne Celine Gnann1 aMartha Charlotte-Elisabeth Keitel1 aNina Lehmler1 aTarushyam Mukherjee1 aJustus Rauls1 aThomas Schirrmann1 aPiotr Grzegorz Stańczyk1 aStephan Steinke1 aJan Terbrack1 aSofie Westerhoff1 aStefan Dübel1 aMaren Schubert1 aMichael Hust1 aFederico Bertoglio00aThe landscape of antibody production systems: recombinant expression for research, diagnostics and therapy  uhttps://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2026.1765764/full0 v143 aOver the past three decades, the emergence of recombinant antibodies has positioned them as the fastest-growing class of therapeutic proteins and as well as crucial reagents for both diagnostics and specific research applications. The industrial production of most therapeutic antibodies currently relies on mammalian cell lines, primarily Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, which remain the gold standard in biopharmaceutical manufacturing due to their exceptionally high production yields, robustness, regulatory acceptance, and consistent product quality. Nevertheless, new approaches using specifically adapted expression systems are emerging. These new host organisms enable the production of antibodies with posttranslational modifications that closely resemble those found in the human system, without the need for animal-derived source materials. For diagnostic and research purposes, a broad range of production systems has been developed. These include Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, yeasts, filamentous fungi, insect cell lines, and transgenic plants. Additionally, smaller single domain antibodies and bispecific fragments that do not require glycosylation can be successfully produced in bacteria for therapeutic applications. Some of these molecules have already been approved by regulatory authorities in the European Union and the United States, and several more are currently in clinical trials. This review therefore focuses on the broad and evolving landscape of recombinant antibody production systems and their applicability across various fields.  a2296-4185