01711nas a2200181   4500000000100000008004100001260001400042100002000056700002300076700001900099700002300118245012800141856005400269300001400323490000600337520117200343022001401515       2019                            d  c2019-6-281 aAshlyn T. Young1 aKristina R. Rivera1 aPatrick D. Erb1 aMichael A. Daniele00aMonitoring of Microphysiological Systems: Integrating Sensors and Real-Time Data Analysis toward Autonomous Decision-Making  uhttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6876853/  a1454-14640 v43 aMicrophysiological systems replicate human organ function and are promising technologies for discovery of translatable biomarkers, pharmaceuticals, and regenerative therapies. Because microphysiological systems require complex microscale anatomical structures and heterogeneous cell populations, a major challenge remains to manufacture and operate these products with reproducible and standardized function. In this Perspective, three stages of microphysiological system monitoring, including process, development, and function, are assessed. The unique features and remaining technical challenges for the required sensors are discussed. Monitoring of microphysiological systems requires nondestructive, continuous biosensors and imaging techniques. With such tools, the extent of cellular and tissue development, as well as function, can be autonomously determined and optimized by correlating physical and chemical sensor outputs with markers of physiological performance. Ultimately, data fusion and analyses across process, development, and function monitors can be implemented to adopt microphysiological systems for broad research and commercial applications.,  a2379-3694