01458nas a2200253   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042653001500057653001700072653002000089653002500109653003500134653001800169653002000187100002000207700001700227700001700244245009200261856007200353300000900425490000800434520074800442022001401190       2019                            d  c2019-02-0110a3D culture10acell culture10aDifferentiation10aEmbryonic stem cells10ainduced pluripotent stem cells10amicrofluidics10aorgan-on-a-chip1 aAlexa Wnorowski1 aHuaxiao Yang1 aJoseph C. Wu00aProgress, obstacles, and limitations in the use of stem cells in organ-on-a-chip models  uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169409X18301327  a3-110 v1403 aIn recent years, drug development costs have soared, primarily due to the failure of preclinical animal and cell culture models, which do not directly translate to human physiology. Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a burgeoning technology with the potential to revolutionize disease modeling, drug discovery, and toxicology research by strengthening the relevance of culture-based models while reducing costly animal studies. Although OOC models can incorporate a variety of tissue sources, the most robust and relevant OOC models going forward will include stem cells. In this review, we will highlight the benefits of stem cells as a tissue source while considering current limitations to their complete and effective implementation into OOC models.  a0169-409X