01171nas a2200229   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653004500058653001600103100001800119700001700137700001900154700001800173700001800191245008100209856005500290300000700345490000600352520056900358022001400927       2026                            d  c2026-03-2510aComputational biology and bioinformatics10aEngineering1 aRashmi Pandey1 aJennifer Lee1 aAnahita Mojiri1 aJohn P. Cooke1 aAbhishek Jain00aTime and architecture: the next two dimensions of microphysiological systems  uhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s44385-026-00077-7  a220 v33 aMicrophysiological models recapitulating complex vasculature have enabled in vitro evaluation of intricate cellular crosstalk and microenvironmental mechanical cues and stressors. Here, we present a comprehensive review of time and architecture as two under-explored facets required for physiological mimetic vascular models. We conclude with our perspective that incorporating longevity and architecture will improve complex vascular modeling and provide a platform to support chronic disease modeling, personalized medicine, drug testing, and tissue engineering.  a3005-1444