02640nas a2200529   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001500043653002700058653002200085653002700107100001500134700002100149700001500170700001400185700001900199700001400218700001800232700001700250700001300267700001600280700001300296700001900309700002300328700002200351700001800373700001900391700001700410700001700427700001500444700001300459700001500472700001900487700001600506700001600522700002300538700001900561700001600580700001900596700001800615700001900633245011400652856005500766300000900821520126600830022001402096       2026                            d  c2026-02-1810aBiomedical Engineering10aElectrophysiology10aMechanical engineering1 aNaijia Liu1 aShahrzad Shiravi1 aTianqi Jin1 aJiaqi Liu1 aZhengguang Zhu1 aJiying Li1 aIngrid Cheung1 aHaohui Zhang1 aYue Wang1 aQingyuan Li1 aZijie Xu1 aLiangsong Zeng1 aMaria Jose Quezada1 aAndres Villalobos1 aYasaman Samei1 aShreyaa Khanna1 aShuozhen Bao1 aMingzheng Wu1 aSida Liang1 aXu Cheng1 aZengyao Lv1 aWoo-Youl Maeng1 aYamin Zhang1 aHaiwen Luan1 aStephen A. Boppart1 aYonggang Huang1 aYihui Zhang1 aColin K. Franz1 aJohn D. Finan1 aJohn A. Rogers00aShape-conformal porous frameworks for full coverage of neural organoids and high-resolution electrophysiology  uhttps://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-026-01620-y  a1-143 aHuman neural organoids are essential platforms for fundamental and applied research due partly to their complex, three-dimensional neuronal circuit geometries. Standard and recently developed neural interface technologies have shortcomings in their ability to electrically characterize and control neural activity in these systems, owing to their limited accessibility to neuron populations and microelectrode densities. Here we report a shape-matched, soft, three-dimensional mesoscale framework with nearly full surface coverage to neural organoids that supports high channel count interfaces for precision electrophysiology and programmed electrical stimulation. The neural interface is designed via inverse modelling techniques and self-assembles three-dimensionally around the organoids. Three-dimensional reconstruction of neural activities allows high-resolution spatial electrophysiology to reveal network-level characteristics in neural organoids. The porous framework offers options for simultaneous fluorescence imaging, localized optogenetic neuromodulation, longitudinal monitoring, pharmacological evaluations and modelling of neural disease phenotypes, demonstrating broad applicability for studies of human-derived cortical and spinal organoids.  a2157-846X