02075nas a2200241   4500000000100000008004100001260001200042100002300054700002200077700003000099700002400129700001900153700002200172700001900194700002000213700002500233245007500258856007100333300001200404490000800416520139500424022001401819       2026                            d  c2026-031 aFelicity T. Enders1 aPhilip M. Alberti1 aElizabeth H. Golembiewski1 aMinerva A. Orellana1 aPaula Braveman1 aVirginia A. Brown1 aNyasha Chambwe1 aChandra L. Ford1 aJoyce E. Balls-Berry00aMeasure Racism, Not Just Race: Recommendations for Scientific Practice  uhttps://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2025.308393  a300-3030 v1163 aAffiliationsFelicity T. Enders is a professor of Biostatistics and Clinical and Translational Science at the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, MN. Philip M. Alberti is senior director, health equity research and policy and founding director of the AAMC Center for Health Justice at the Association of American Medical Colleges in Washington, DC. Elizabeth H. Golembiewski is a health services analyst in the Department of Quantitative Health Sciences at Mayo Clinic, Rochester. Minerva A. Orellana is a postdoctoral research fellow in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Washington in Seattle. Paula Braveman is professor emeritus in the Department of Family and Community Medicine and founding director of the Center for Health Equity at the University of California, San Francisco. Virginia A. Brown is a research scholar at The Hastings Center in Garrison, NY. Nyasha Chambwe is an assistant professor in the Institute for Molecular Medicine at the Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health in Manhasset, NY. Chandra L. Ford is a professor in the departments of Behavioral, Social and Health Education Sciences and African American Studies at Emory University in Atlanta, GA. Joyce E. Balls-Berry is an associate professor in the Department of Neurology at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, MO.  a0090-0036