01898nas a2200385   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260001200043653002600055653001900081653002100100653001100121653003200132653001800164653002000182653002600202653003100228653001400259653002200273653001800295100002700313700001900340700001900359700002200378700001500400700001800415700002000433700001700453700001800470245007600488300001200564490000800576520091400584022001401498       2021                            d  c2021-0610aadoptive cell therapy10aCancer vaccine10aCytokine therapy10aHumans10aImmune checkpoint inhibitor10aImmunotherapy10ain vitro models10aLab-On-A-Chip Devices10amicrophysiological systems10aNeoplasms10aOncolytic viruses10aTumor-on-chip1 aTengku Ibrahim Maulana1 aElena Kromidas1 aLars Wallstabe1 aMadalena Cipriano1 aMiriam Alb1 aCécile Zaupa1 aMichael Hudecek1 aBirgit Fogal1 aPeter Loskill00aImmunocompetent cancer-on-chip models to assess immuno-oncology therapy  a281-3050 v1733 aThe advances in cancer immunotherapy come with several obstacles, limiting its widespread use and benefits so far only to a small subset of patients. One of the underlying challenges remains to be the lack of representative nonclinical models that translate to human immunity and are able to predict clinical efficacy and safety outcomes. In recent years, immunocompetent Cancer-on-Chip models emerge as an alternative human-based platform that enables the integration and manipulation of complex tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss novel opportunities offered by Cancer-on-Chip models to advance (mechanistic) immuno-oncology research, ranging from design flexibility to multimodal analysis approaches. We then exemplify their (potential) applications for the research and development of adoptive cell therapy, immune checkpoint therapy, cytokine therapy, oncolytic virus, and cancer vaccines.  a1872-8294