02452nas a2200277   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260000900043653001700052653001800069653001600087653001100103653001400114653001700128100001800145700002500163700003000188700002600218700003100244245011400275856006300389300001200452490000600464520169000470022001402160       2024                            d  c202410aAlternatives10aanimal models10abiomedicine10aethics10aEvolution10aNeuroscience1 aSabina Neziri1 aAhmet Efe Köseoğlu1 aGülsüm Deniz Köseoğlu1 aBuminhan Özgültekin1 aNehir Özdemir Özgentürk00aAnimal models in neuroscience with alternative approaches: Evolutionary, biomedical, and ethical perspectives  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ame2.12487  a868-8800 v73 aAnimal models have been a crucial tool in neuroscience research for decades, providing insights into the biomedical and evolutionary mechanisms of the nervous system, disease, and behavior. However, their use has raised concerns on several ethical, clinical, and scientific considerations. The welfare of animals and the 3R principles (replacement, reduction, refinement) are the focus of the ethical concerns, targeting the importance of reducing the stress and suffering of these models. Several laws and guidelines are applied and developed to protect animal rights during experimenting. Concurrently, in the clinic and biomedical fields, discussions on the relevance of animal model findings on human organisms have increased. Latest data suggest that in a considerable amount of time the animal model results are not translatable in humans, costing time and money. Alternative methods, such as in vitro (cell culture, microscopy, organoids, and micro physiological systems) techniques and in silico (computational) modeling, have emerged as potential replacements for animal models, providing more accurate data in a minimized cost. By adopting alternative methods and promoting ethical considerations in research practices, we can achieve the 3R goals while upholding our responsibility to both humans and other animals. Our goal is to present a thorough review of animal models used in neuroscience from the biomedical, evolutionary, and ethical perspectives. The novelty of this research lies in integrating diverse points of views to provide an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of animal models in neuroscience and in discussing potential alternative methods.  a2576-2095