02524nas a2200397   4500000000100000000000100001008004100002260000900043653000700052653001300059653003500072653001900107653002300126100001900149700002200168700001600190700002100206700001800227700001900245700001900264700002000283700002100303700002200324700001900346700002100365700001900386700002700405700001800432700001700450245008300467856006700550300001200617490000700629520147600636022001402112       2024                            d  c202410a3R10aAI tools10aalternatives to animal testing10alab automation10aTissue engineering1 aLukas Königer1 aChristoph Malkmus1 aDalia Mahdy1 aThomas Däullary1 aSusanna Götz1 aThomas Schwarz1 aMarius Gensler1 aNiklas Pallmann1 aDanjouma Cheufou1 aAndreas Rosenwald1 aMarc Möllmann1 aDieter Groneberg1 aChristina Popp1 aFlorian Groeber-Becker1 aMaria Steinke1 aJan Hansmann00aReBiA—Robotic Enabled Biological Automation: 3D Epithelial Tissue Production  uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/advs.202406608  a24066080 v113 aThe Food and Drug Administration's recent decision to eliminate mandatory animal testing for drug approval marks a significant shift to alternative methods. Similarly, the European Parliament is advocating for a faster transition, reflecting public preference for animal-free research practices. In vitro tissue models are increasingly recognized as valuable tools for regulatory assessments before clinical trials, in line with the 3R principles (Replace, Reduce, Refine). Despite their potential, barriers such as the need for standardization, availability, and cost hinder their widespread adoption. To address these challenges, the Robotic Enabled Biological Automation (ReBiA) system is developed. This system uses a dual-arm robot capable of standardizing laboratory processes within a closed automated environment, translating manual processes into automated ones. This reduces the need for process-specific developments, making in vitro tissue models more consistent and cost-effective. ReBiA's performance is demonstrated through producing human reconstructed epidermis, human airway epithelial models, and human intestinal organoids. Analyses confirm that these models match the morphology and protein expression of manually prepared and native tissues, with similar cell viability. These successes highlight ReBiA's potential to lower barriers to broader adoption of in vitro tissue models, supporting a shift toward more ethical and advanced research methods.  a2198-3844