01230nas a2200193   4500000000100000008004100001260001500042100002200057700003700079700001900116700002200135700001900157245007100176856004400247300001600291490000700307520070800314022001401022       2025                            d  c2025-07-011 aShabnam Ghiasvand1 aDayananda Siddappa Thimmanahalli1 aCaroline Morel1 aPeter Piepenhagen1 aDinesh Bangari00aAdvanced Microscopy Techniques for Imaging New Alternative Methods  uhttps://doi.org/10.1093/mam/ozaf048.449  aozaf048.4490 v313 aOrganoids, air-liquid-interface cultures, and microfluidic culture systems are only a few examples of new alternative methods (or new approach methods; NAMs) that have become an increasingly important tool for biopharmaceutical research. Both as a tool for studying disease mechanisms and as a platform for testing novel therapeutics NAMs represent a paradigm shift in translational in-vitro models and offer improved reproducibility and human translatability relative to animal models and simpler cell-based systems. The increasing adoption of NAMs also aligns with FDA Modernization Act 3.0 and increased implementation of the 3Rs principle (Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement) in animal research.  a1431-9276