@inbook{bibcite_9291,
  keywords = {animal experimentation, Funding bias, nonanimal methods, Pain and severity assessment, Regulatory reform, Surplus breeding, translational failure, Transparency gap},
  author = {Kathrin Herrmann},
  editor = {Catharine E. Krebs and Gail A. Van Norman},
  title = {Chapter 4 - Systemic failures and suffering in animal-based research: Why a human-relevant paradigm is urgently needed},
  abstract = {Animal experimentation is often portrayed as scientifically indispensable and ethically well policed; however, contemporary evidence indicates otherwise. This chapter identifies six systemic weaknesses within the current animal-research paradigm: (1) sustained high animal use and large {\textquotedblleft}surplus{\textquotedblright} killings in breeding colonies; (2) routine under estimation and under treatment of pain; (3) selective transparency that omits≈95\% of US laboratory animals and keeps harm{\textendash}benefit and retrospective assessments confidential; (4) public-funding bias that allocates<=1\% of health-research budgets to human-biology-based nonanimal methods (NAMs); (5) welfare and translational shortcomings driven by barren housing, chronic stress, and interspecies differences; and (6) fragmented regulatory oversight characterized by low refusal rates and limited accountability. Severe procedures now cluster in neuroscience, high-dose viral challenge, and fish ecotoxicity, while≈90\% of drug candidates that appear promising in animals fail in human trials. A decisive pivot to human-relevant science is both an ethical imperative and a strategic investment in biomedical innovation.},
  year = {2027},
  journal = {Moving Toward Nonanimal Approaches in Medical Research and Testing},
  pages = {53-71},
  month = {2027-01-01},
  publisher = {Academic Press},
  isbn = {978-0-443-26514-3},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443265143000084},
}