@article{bibcite_8551,
  keywords = {Chemical testing, Life Sciences, Non-animal new approach methodologies (NAMs), Pharmaceutical testing},
  author = {Elliott Johnson and Howard Reed and Anna Thew and Matthew Johnson},
  title = {Non-animal new approach methodologies (NAMs): Increasingly effective in validated contexts, more ethical and more economically productive},
  abstract = {Non-Animal New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) {\textendash} replacement and partial-replacement technologies with applications spanning chemical safety assessment, drug development and discovery, and cosmetics testing {\textendash} represent a rapidly expanding sector with significant economic and scientific implications. This article presents an economic assessment of the UK commercial NAMs sector using Companies House and Annual Business Survey data for 75 firms over the period 2021{\textendash}24, alongside growth projections to 2030 and an analysis of public investment returns. Between 2021 and 2024, sectoral turnover grew from {\textsterling}947 million to {\textsterling}1.24 billion and Gross Value Added (GVA) from {\textsterling}212 million to {\textsterling}277 million, both at a compound annual growth rate of 9.4\%, while employment expanded by 12.8\% per annum. Under existing trajectories, turnover is projected to reach {\textsterling}2.12 billion and employment to exceed 12,000 by 2030. Against a backdrop of chronic underfunding {\textendash} NAMs received just {\textsterling}2 million in public research investment in 2019 compared with up to {\textsterling}1.1 billion for animal-based research {\textendash} the article estimates that an additional {\textsterling}100 million public investment could generate productivity gains that return {\textsterling}248 million in tax to the Exchequer within seven years. These findings are contextualised within the well-documented limitations of animal-based preclinical testing in predicting human outcomes and the growing evidence base for NAMs{\textquoteright} effectiveness in specific validated applications alongside the principal barriers to NAMs adoption identified in the literature. The article concludes that transitioning to NAMs represents both a compelling ethical direction where validated alternatives exist and a strategically significant economic opportunity for the UK life sciences sector.},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {NAM Journal},
  volume = {2},
  pages = {100102},
  month = {2026-01-01},
  issn = {3050-6204},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S3050620426000278},
  doi = {10.1016/j.namjnl.2026.100102},
}