@article{bibcite_7206,
  keywords = {3Rs, Advanced analytics, Animal Testing Alternatives, Drug development, New approach methods (NAMs), Nonclinical, Reduction, Refinement, replacement, Safety assessment, Toxicology},
  author = {Laura Lotfi and T. William O{\textquoteright}Neill and Angela Wilcox and Steven Bulera},
  title = {Virtual control groups in nonclinical research: A Re-analysis of 20 studies using virtual control group data},
  abstract = {Animal models are crucial in biomedical research, particularly in pharmaceutical discovery and safety testing. Recent legislative updates and regulatory shifts, such as the FDA Modernization Act 2.0 and European Parliament Resolution 2021/2784 (RSP), have opened new avenues for innovative nonclinical research. Among these innovations is the use of Virtual Control Groups (VCGs), a method which can significantly reduce animal usage and improve experimental designs. VCGs utilize historical control data and machine learning algorithms to replicate traditional control groups{\textquoteright} statistical power and address preanalytical and analytical variations. We applied VCG data retrospectively to 20 pilot studies. The VCG and concurrent control group (CCG) data were compared to assess statistical alignment as well as biological relevance. The findings highlight the effectiveness of VCGs in maintaining toxicological study integrity and underscore the importance of specific selection criteria in ensuring accurate toxicological outcomes. This work supports the potential of VCGs in advancing the 3Rs and improving nonclinical research methodologies.},
  year = {2026},
  journal = {Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology},
  volume = {168},
  pages = {106077},
  month = {2026-06-01},
  issn = {0273-2300},
  url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273230026000504},
  doi = {10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106077},
}